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This is for the Gracie Jiu-jitsu player known as Tap R Snap and anyone else interested in fundamental Judo techniques. 
A joint lock (in Japanese, kansetsu-waza) is the general term for martial arts and grappling techniques involving manipulation of the joints. These typically involve isolating an opponent's limb and forcing the joint to move past its normal range of motion (generally hyperextension rather than hyperflexion). Joint locks are used as pain compliance holds in self-defense applications and law-enforcement, and in combat sports as submission holds. In combat sports, a joint lock is generally intended to produce submission from an opponent, so a lock will be controlled and held until an opponent submits or a referee recognizes the threat of injury. In self-defense or hand-to-hand combat applications, no such submission (or referee) is available, and the goal is most likely to render an opponent harmless. (rapidly) When applied with injurious intent, a joint lock can cause dislocation, torn ligaments, bone fractures, and muscle damage.
Common martial arts that use joint locks include catch wrestling, judo, jujutsu, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, aikido, and mixed martial arts. Small joint manipulation is against the rules of almost all combat sports, though many self-defense styles and combatives teach them. In MMA matches, some fighters, out of pride, will refuse to submit to a successful joint lock, choosing instead to allow the joint be injured (the referee will still stop the match if this happens). A well-known example of a fighter who refused to give up from a joint lock is Hélio Gracie, the BJJ founder who was trapped in a ude-garami lock from Masahiko Kimura, a famous judo practioner.
Joint Locks
Elbow locks are considered safe-enough to do at nearly full-force to induce a submission. In times past, Judo allowed many other joints to be attacked too such as the knees, spine and others. Over the years it was discovered that attacking those other joints would not only result in many injuries to the athletes, but also would gradually wear the joints down over time. Even so, some Judoka still enjoy learning and fighting each other informally using these banned techniques. Joint locks are effective combat techniques since they enable you to control your opponent through pain-compliance. Also, some joints, such the elbows, can be broken, maiming your adversary so he cannot any longer attack you effectively or put up a defence. For these reasons Judo considers joint locks to be important techniques.
While Judo includes a variety of rolls, falls, throws, pins, chokes, joint-locks, and methods of percussion (Atemi waza), the primary focus is on throwing (nage-waza), and groundwork (ne-waza).
The groundwork techniques are divided into: attacks against the joints or joint locks (kansetsu-waza), strangleholds or chokeholds (shime-waza), and holding or pinning techniques (osaekomi-waza).
In randori and shiai (tournament) practice, when an opponent successfully executes a chokehold or joint lock, one "taps out" by tapping the mat or one's opponent at least twice in a manner that clearly indicates the submission. When this occurs, the match is over, and the tapping player has lost, but the chokehold or joint lock ceases. Because this allows a merciful exit to the match, injuries related to these holds are quite rare.
Wikipedia...
A joint lock (in Japanese, kansetsu-waza) is the general term for martial arts and grappling techniques involving manipulation of the joints. These typically involve isolating an opponent's limb and forcing the joint to move past its normal range of motion (generally hyperextension rather than hyperflexion). Joint locks are used as pain compliance holds in self-defense applications and law-enforcement, and in combat sports as submission holds. In combat sports, a joint lock is generally intended to produce submission from an opponent, so a lock will be controlled and held until an opponent submits or a referee recognizes the threat of injury. In self-defense or hand-to-hand combat applications, no such submission (or referee) is available, and the goal is most likely to render an opponent harmless. (rapidly) When applied with injurious intent, a joint lock can cause dislocation, torn ligaments, bone fractures, and muscle damage.
Common martial arts that use joint locks include catch wrestling, judo, jujutsu, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, aikido, and mixed martial arts. Small joint manipulation is against the rules of almost all combat sports, though many self-defense styles and combatives teach them. In MMA matches, some fighters, out of pride, will refuse to submit to a successful joint lock, choosing instead to allow the joint be injured (the referee will still stop the match if this happens). A well-known example of a fighter who refused to give up from a joint lock is Hélio Gracie, the BJJ founder who was trapped in a ude-garami lock from Masahiko Kimura, a famous judo practioner.
Joint Locks
Elbow locks are considered safe-enough to do at nearly full-force to induce a submission. In times past, Judo allowed many other joints to be attacked too such as the knees, spine and others. Over the years it was discovered that attacking those other joints would not only result in many injuries to the athletes, but also would gradually wear the joints down over time. Even so, some Judoka still enjoy learning and fighting each other informally using these banned techniques. Joint locks are effective combat techniques since they enable you to control your opponent through pain-compliance. Also, some joints, such the elbows, can be broken, maiming your adversary so he cannot any longer attack you effectively or put up a defence. For these reasons Judo considers joint locks to be important techniques.
While Judo includes a variety of rolls, falls, throws, pins, chokes, joint-locks, and methods of percussion (Atemi waza), the primary focus is on throwing (nage-waza), and groundwork (ne-waza).
The groundwork techniques are divided into: attacks against the joints or joint locks (kansetsu-waza), strangleholds or chokeholds (shime-waza), and holding or pinning techniques (osaekomi-waza).
In randori and shiai (tournament) practice, when an opponent successfully executes a chokehold or joint lock, one "taps out" by tapping the mat or one's opponent at least twice in a manner that clearly indicates the submission. When this occurs, the match is over, and the tapping player has lost, but the chokehold or joint lock ceases. Because this allows a merciful exit to the match, injuries related to these holds are quite rare.
Wikipedia...
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