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  • Sword Myth

    Sword Myths
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Research into European ARMS (meaning the use of pike and fireARMS) were crucial to my understanding of the Spanish conquest. There's still much to be done to bust the myth of 'sword versus sword' ONLY exchanges between Spanish and Filipinos implied in articles such as this one:



    The author writes about European superiority over Asians in their development and usage of ARMS, but then swiftly segues specifically about his study in RAPIERS and CUT/THRUST swordsmanship. A study that is worthwhile and of true merit. However, prefacing your article on European superiority of ARMS over Asian weapons, and then ignoring the actual ARMS (firearms) which were superior to Asian weaponry is a HUGE omission!

    There's also no mention of the other methods of Conquest (example: religion, trade, aliances), but most importantly the omission of the use of the pike in SUPPORT of FIREARMS as huge contributors to the Spanish success in the Philippines is a disservice to maintaining historical accuracy. The author omits that a study of the methods of Divide and Conquer, the Volley use of the Arquebus, formations of Pike and Shot, are all crucial elements in understanding the European 'superior' methods of Asian Conquest.

    An unfortunate omission such as this inevitably perpetuates a FALSE myth of Spanish Conquistadores' superiority in ARMS, to specifically indicate their use of the sword.

    Simply put, a school devoted to the use of European pike and shot formations would quickly widen the eyes of European sword enthusiasts who may unknowingly overemphasize the use of the sword and dagger over the TRUE superior European ARMS used during the period of Spanish Philippine Conquest... the FIREARM.

    The article displays a well done description of the author's new found enthusiasm for European swordsmanship, however imagine if the omission included the sword's importance in battle? Would we idly sit back and read articles devoted ONLY to the use of the dagger and shield symbolizing the SUPERIOR arms of Europe without questioning it's historical validity?

    It would seem that simply stating the study of European swordsmanship and its merits would be enough without including this bit about "European superiority in ARMs", especially if the author shies away from revealing which of these superior weapons actually were....

    "The Indians of this country are not simple or foolish, nor are they frightened by anything whatever. They can be dealt with ONLY BY THE ARQUEBUSE, or by the gifts of GOLD or SILVER. If they were like those of Nueva Espana, Peru, Tierra Firme, and in other explored places where the ships of Castilla may enter, sound reasoning might have some effect. But these Indians first inquire if they must be Christians, pay money, forsake their wives, and other similar things. They kill Spaniards so boldy, that WITHOUT THE ARQUEBUSES WE COULD DO NOTHING. This was the reason that Magallanes, Sayavedra, and those who came afterward from Nueva Espana were maltreated. All those who have been killed since the coming of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi received THEIR DEATH THROUGH THE LACK OF ARQUEBUSES. The Indians have thousands of lances, daggers, shields, and other pieces of armor, with which they fight so well. They have no leaders to whom they look up. THE HAVOC CAUSED BY THE ARQUEBUSE, and their own lack of honor, make them seek refuge in flight, and give obedience to our orders." Francisco de Sande in his report to the Crown of Spain for the Legazpi expedition dated June 8, 1577, page 337, The Colonization and Conquest of the Philippines by Spain, VIII (CAPS are mine)

    --Rafael--

  • #2
    I just need clarification on the arquebuse, wasn't it a single shot, ball-and-powder weapon? Even in a volley formation, their lines could have been broken by an onslaught of opponents, right? And when one didn't have the time to load his firearm, he would have to rely on hand to hand combat or not?
    jdb in STK

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    • #3
      Originally posted by StknDecuerdas
      I just need clarification on the arquebuse, wasn't it a single shot, ball-and-powder weapon?
      Yes, however there's documentation that one shot could hit three men astride.

      Originally posted by StknDecuerdas
      Even in a volley formation, their lines could have been broken by an onslaught of opponents, right?
      Lines during that time were successfully broken using armored cavalry. The natives did not have that option. In battles during this time IN Europe, volley fire proved effective in defeating their own armored European rivals using similar HTH weapons.

      Therefore, the Filipino natives would have even LESS of an advantage to defeat troops who utilized volley fire, especially when designed to be supported by pikes. In EVERY historical account that Filipinos engaged Spanish during the 1600's the natives would use hit and run tactics and would retreat from the firearm fire. We have to remind ourselves that projectile weaponry vastly alters the field of battle, especially weapons that were relatively new to the natives.

      Sword engagements only happens when:

      1. The formation is overrun (see Magellan accounts - note that Magellan used a LANCE and was killed attempting to DRAW his sword), if the Spanish formation is overrun, that means their pikes/lances which support the firearms have also been compromised. Swordsmen were used by the Spanish but one would have to have equal or overwhelming forces to make that tactic work. Hence, the Spanish used Visayans, Pampangans or Tagals as their swordsmen. Accounts of roughly 50 - 200 Spaniards with firearms, accompanied by 1000 Visayans wielding their native weaponry exists.

      Therefore if ANY sword versus sword engagements happened - it was
      probably with a majority of Filipinos fighting other Filipinos.

      2. The natives have been overrun and the sword is used to "mop up" the native populace... meaning execution of men, women and children in some instances.


      Originally posted by StknDecuerdas
      And when one didn't have the time to load his firearm, he would have to rely on hand to hand combat or not?jdb in STK
      1. One can have "loaders".
      2. Volley fire is also designed so that you cycle loading to produce continuous fire.
      3. Pike men in tight formation are difficult to breach. It proved just as effective in Europe.
      4. In the Legaspi logs by Morga, EVERY one of his 300 men were issued firearms. That would level a significant amount of onrushing natives.
      5. Most importantly, natives did NOT fight that way according to Spanish accounts of that early time period. The natives were more prone to evading and retreating, using ambush...etc.
      6. The Spanish IN the Philippines at that time period wrote about their reliance on firearms themselves. There's no mention of the sword being the primary weapon by this time.

      Contrary to popular tales of moros going suicidal enmasse (some of our own FMA myths), they valued their lives as much as the next man. Going "juramentado" entails a strict ritual process that was usually reserved for an individual "assassin", not a whole tribe.
      --------

      The main point of my post however, was the total OMISSION of the firearm in the linked article about SUPERIOR European ARMS. Breaching the volley fire, AND the pikemen would be a SIGNIFICANT achievement during a battle. These were THE superior European arms the article was alluding to, but by completely ignoring this and then go into detail about his training in sword tactics to imply that the sword /dagger/buckler/ (solo) spear training were the actual arms of European superiority is not factually based on historical accounts.

      If it were, there would be hundreds of Spanish accounts of how they wiped out Filipinos using their HTH weapons alone. Accounts that do NOT exist. There are however, account after account of firearms and pikes, divide and conquer tactics using religion, trade and exploitation of tribal rivalries used to achieve Conquest.

      --Rafael--

      Comment


      • #4
        Thank you sir for replying in such detail. So what Is your opinion on spanish cut/thrust and rapier fighting? Can they be effective against the FMA's in thier own right? The spanish were known for their sword skills back to the romans.

        Comment


        • #5
          Originally posted by StknDecuerdas
          Thank you sir for replying in such detail. So what Is your opinion on spanish cut/thrust and rapier fighting? Can they be effective against the FMA's in thier own right? The spanish were known for their sword skills back to the romans.
          It would depend on WHO are wielding the swords.
          Anyone who has sword skills would be dangerous in their own right.
          If one brought a Musashi to fight someone who was not on the same skill level as he, then he might be able to defeat BOTH sides using his katana.
          That is not to say that his Japanese system is better, but the warrior wielding the sword is quite good.
          I would recommend anyone seeking a bg in Spanish sword skills to seek out instructors like Maestro Martinez and others.

          In the matters of war; equality and duelling skills are not the main focus, but overwhelming arms/forces, and forcing the environment to favor your side. In the case of the Conquesta by Spain, they knew that to divide and conquer (a tactic learned FROM the Romans as well) is the most effective 'weapon' in this particular goal.

          Firepower was as well:

          On January 6, 1622:
          "... the Spanish MUSKETS turned out to be as effective as ever, the rebels (Moros) withdrew to the fortified enclosure which they had built". Page 315 Jesuits in the Philippines

          As for the Spanish being known for their sword skills back into the romans:
          I'm positive there were excellent Spanish swordsmen. In the days of Spain's own conquerors - the Moors, the Visigoths and the Romans all had their share of excellent swordsmen. One can't simply say that the Moors, Visigoths and Romans had better sword skills than the Spanish just because they ruled over Spain for hundreds of years. War needs MUCH more than swordsmanship to sway the tide to one's side - each one of these victors had different circumstances and methods which 'won' over Spain.

          --Rafael--

          Comment


          • #6
            This is good, I love history, and such an exchange is benficial to the martial arts dialogue overall. I believe the Filipino martial experience over the last 3 or 400 years has culminated in not just a single style(we all know they are so numerous), but a progressive and practical martial philosophy. I do hope that the western influence on the FMA's can be counted as a positive one, contributing to that overall philosophy and augmenting some of the deficiencies, technically, that were within the pre-spanish, Filipino combative arts. I'm not saying one art was better than the other, just that some things of value were incorporated. The Spanish, as you said, were overrun by invading armies that probably had some edge over the spanish. i'm certain the spanish discovered that edge and improved upon it and eventually killed it with 10 defenses of thier own, as the FMA's have done. The founder of the particular system i study not only recognized that influence, but praised it and sought out other martial methodologies constantly to discover his own weaknessess and fix them. It's that constant, never-ending search for perfection though progress that, to me, epitomize the Filipino martial experience. A good warrior recognizes effective techniques and principles and incorporates them no matter what skin color or nationality they are, and then he makes defenses for them. If he doesn't, then he is 1st, not very smart, and second, vulnerable to them. The spanish bell gaurd and the supporting dagger would have been an obstacle to overcome, your thoughts.

            Comment


            • #7
              Originally posted by StknDecuerdas
              The spanish bell gaurd and the supporting dagger would have been an obstacle to overcome, your thoughts.
              Possible over emphasis in FMA on the guntings. If you look at non stick applications of the gunting, the targets are the parts of the limbs beyond the guards and set up to injure the two beat parry on the short weapon. Many overlook the principles of the gunting and try and apply them weapon to weapon due to the drills- even while students are informed that the REAL targets are the limbs.

              So you have some FMA students trying to apply the killshot without regard to the exchange that must happen to gain that killshot against an opponent with a different weapon. They move into a mutual killzone.

              Beyond sword to sword, the spear is an advantage over the sword. Hence, the European transition of pikes over the swords. It allows reach for the thrust and the shaft of their weapons were protected against edged attacks. One doesn't need a sword guard nor a short dagger at all if the fighting gap has been extended by several feet of pike shaft (and of course support of other pikemen). Only if the pikemen are overrun would swordsmen be necessary.

              Thus, the development of the sinawali where two short weapons are used to disrupt and close on the longer weapon. One could also parry SEVERAL pikes as you close into SWORD killzones.

              However, there was no such thing as dueling in these particular engagements, because if the Spanish Sword is deployed that means they are in mopping up mode or are being overrun. That scenario VASTLY alters the way one must fight. Here is when triangle formations and tactics come into play.

              War was never fair play, Filipino tribal tactics involve ambush at close quarters and projectiles at long. In the end, the final evolution of tactics in the Philippines against Spain was to reverse Divide and Conquer by uniting the island peoples, allying with the US temporarily (my enemy's enemy is my friend), using Spain's hypocrisy and distortion of Christian teachings against them so that local priests turned on Spain, learning the Spanish language to communicate amongst tribes, and finally obtaining firearms.

              In the final days of the Philippine Revolution, the day to day first hand accounts indicate Filipinos only used their blades so that they can gain the FIREarms of the dead Spanish soldiers. The Katipunan even made wooden proxy guns so that their silhouettes would indicate they carried more firearms than they actually had. At that point Spain rarely relied on pikes or swords at all, since this was the late 1800's.

              So yes, evolution is necessary and in war that means adapting beyond the actual weapon design and defeating the enemy on all fronts.

              --Rafael--

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